Citation Help

Examples of Turabian Citation

Turabian Basics


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SBL Style

SBL Style is similar to Turabian in many ways. It is the standard for scholarly and academic publishing in the field of biblical studies. The link below is a condensed version of the SBL Handbook of Style for students.

General Guidelines

 

  • Margins should be at least one inch on all four edges.
  • Use 12 pt font
  • The front part of your paper may or may not include the following (ask your instructor if necessary): Submission page, title page, copyright or blank page, dedication, epigraph, table of contents, list of figures, preface, acknowledgments, list of abbreviations, glossary, and editorial or research method.
  • Double Space all text except:
    • Block Quotations
    • Table titles and figure captions
    • Footnotes
    • Bibliographies
  • Page Numbers:
    • The front matter (title page, table of contents, etc....) should be numbered with lowercase roman numerals.
    • The text of the paper should be numbered with arabic numerals.
    • In general, GRTS prefers the page numbers on the right side of the headers. Some universities require different locations depending on the part of the paper (bottom center for front matter and first page of the center, etc...). Be sure to check with your professor which they prefer.
  • Center headings for chapters or sections. See A Manual for Writers for the use of subheadings beyond the first level.
  • The end section of your paper could include illustrations, appendixes, a glossary, endnotes, and the bibliography.

As stated previously, there are two ways to cite in Turabian style: bibliography style and author-date style. While bibliography style is the preferred method for GRTS, you will want to make sure to double check with your professor to determine which style to use.

With Turabian bibliography style, footnotes are used for in-text citation. At the end of a sentence that requires citation, a superscript number is used to indicate a corresponding footnote. Consider the following example:

He argues that "in an uncertain world, printed materials can be put to use in ways that make them powerful."1

At the bottom of the page, there should be a corresponding footnote:


     1. Adrian Johns, The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 623.

In most cases, your bibliography should include every work you cite in your text. You may also include works that were important to your thinking but that you did not specifically mention in the text. Your bibliography should be created using the following guidelines.

  • Your bibliography should be on a separate page from the main text of your paper.
  • Continue using one inch margins.
  • Title the page "Bibliography". This should be centered at the top of the page and NOT bolded, italicized, or underlined. Do not repeat the title on subsequent pages of the reference list.
  • Leave two blank lines between the title and the first entry.
  • Bibliographic entries should be single-spaced, with runovers indented 1/2 inch.
  • Leave one blank line between single-spaced entries.
  • Arrange alphabetically by the last name of the author, editor, or whoever is first in each entry.
  • Alphabetize the list by the surname of the first author. If there is no author or it is an organization, alphabetize by the first significant word of the name.

Citation Examples

The following examples illustrate citations using notes-bibliography style. Examples of notes are followed by shortened versions of citations to the same source (for subsequent uses in a paper). The final note is the bibliography style.

One author

     1. Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Boston: Little, Brown, 2000), 64-65.
     2. Gladwell, Tipping Point, 71.

Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big      Difference. Boston: Little, Brown, 2000.

Two or more authors

     1. Peter Morey and Amina Yaqin, Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and Representation after 9/11 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 52.
     2. Morey and Yaqin, Framing Muslims, 60-61.

Morey, Peter, and Amina Yaqin. Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and
     Representation after 9/11. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
     Press, 2011.

Four or more authors
For four or more authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the note, list only the first author, followed by "et al."("and others"):

     1. Jay M. Bernstein et al., Art and Aesthetics after Adorno (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 276.
     2. Bernstein et al., Art and Aesthetics, 18.

Bernstein, Jay M., Claudia Brodsky, Anthony J. Cascardi, Thierry de
     Duve, Ales Erjavec, Robert Kaufman, and Fred Rush. Art and
     Aesthetics after Adorno. Berkeley: University of California Press,
     2010.

Editor or translator instead of author

     1. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 91-92.
     2. Lattimore, Iliad, 24.

Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of
     Chicago Press, 1951.

Editor or translator in addition to author

     1. Jane Austen, Persuasion: An Annotated Edition, ed. Robert Morrison (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011), 311-12.
     2. Austen, Persuasion, 315.

Austen, Jane. Persuasion: An Annotated Edition. Edited by Robert
     Morrison. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University
     Press, 2011.

Chapter or other part of a book

     1. Angeles Ramirez, "Muslim Women in the Spanish Press: The Persistence of Subaltern Images," in Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation and Reality, ed. Faegheh Shirazi (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010), 231.
     2. Ramirez, "Muslim Women," 239-40.

Ramirez, Angeles. "Muslim Women in the Spanish Press: The
     Persistence of Subaltern Images." In Muslim Women in War and
     Crisis: Representation and Reality, edited by Faegheh Shirazi,
     227-44. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010.

Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book

     1. William Cronon, foreword to The Republic of Nature, by Mark Fiege (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012), ix.
     2. Cronon, foreword, x-xi.

Cronon, William. Foreword to The Republic of Nature, by Mark Fiege,
     ix-xii. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012.

Book published electronically
If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books consulted online, include a URL. If you consulted the book in a library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead of a URL. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or other number.

     1. Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration (New York: Vintage, 2010), 183-84, Kindle.
     2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders' Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
     3. Joseph P. Quinlan, The Last Economic Superpower: The Retreat of Globalization, the End of American Dominance, and What We Can Do about It (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010), 211, ProQuest Ebrary.
     4. Wilkerson, Warmth of Other Suns, 401.
     5. Kurland and Lerner, Founders' Constitution.
     6. Quinlan, Last Economic Superpower, 88.

Wilkerson, Isabel. The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of
     America's Great Migration. New York: Vintage, 2010. Kindle.
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders' Constitution.
     Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
Quinlan, Joseph P. The Last Economic Superpower: The Retreat of
     Globalization, the End of American Dominance, and What We Can Do
     about It. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. ProQuest Ebrary.

Article in a print journal

     1. Alexandra Bogren, "Gender and Alcohol: The Swedish Press Debate," Journal of Gender Studies 20, no. 2 (June 2011): 156.
     2. Bogren, "Gender and Alcohol," 157.

Bogren, Alexandra. "Gender and Alcohol: The Swedish Press
     Debate." Journal of Gender Studies 20, no. 2 (June 2011): 155-69.

Article in an online journal
For a journal article consulted online, include a URL. For articles that include a DOI, form the URL by appending the DOI to http://dx.doi.org/ rather than using the URL in your address bar. The DOI for the article in the Brown example below is 10.1086/660696. If you consulted the article in a library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead.

     1. Campbell Brown, "Consequentialize This," Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011): 752, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696.
     2. Anastacia Kurylo, "Linsanity: The Construction of (Asian) Identity in an Online New York Knicks Basketball Forum," China Media Research 8, no. 4 (October 2012): 16, Academic OneFile.
     3. Brown, "Consequentialize This," 761.
     4. Kurylo, "Linsanity," 18-19.

Brown, Campbell. "Consequentialize This." Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011):
     749-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696.
Kurylo, Anastacia. "Linsanity: The Construction of (Asian) Identity in an
     Online New York Knicks Basketball Forum." China Media Research 8,
     no. 4 (October 2012): 15-28. Academic OneFile.

Newspaper article
Newspaper articles may be cited in running text ("As Elisabeth Bumiller and Thom Shanker noted in a New York Times article on January 23, 2013, . . .") instead of in a note, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations.

     1. Elisabeth Bumiller and Thom Shanker, "Pentagon Lifts Ban on Women in Combat," New York Times, January 23, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/24/us/pentagon-says-it-is-lifting-ban-on-women-in-combat.html.
     2. Bumiller and Shanker, "Pentagon Lifts Ban."

Bumiller, Elisabeth, and Thom Shanker. "Pentagon Lifts Ban on Women
     in Combat." New York Times, January 23, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/24/us/pentagon-says-it-
     is-lifting-ban-on-women-in-combat.html.

Magazine article

     1. Jill Lepore, "Dickens in Eden," New Yorker, August 29, 2011, 52.
     2. Lepore, "Dickens in Eden," 54-55.

Lepore, Jill. "Dickens in Eden." New Yorker, August 29, 2011.

The Bible only needs to be quoted in footnotes, not in the bibliography.

     1. Book of the Bible Chapter:verse (NIV).

Citing the Bible and other Biblical Resources (Grove City College)
See this helpful guide from Grove City College for help with citing the Bible.

***Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts do not necessarily need to be included in your bibliography. Most of the time it is sufficient to use notes or by weaving key information into your text. Consult with your professor for more clarification of their wish.***

Television Programs
Television , radio programs, and other broadcast sources are only to be cited in the notes.

#. Title of Program, "Title of Episode," episode number, January 01, 2012 (originally aired January 01, 2011).

Interviews on Television

#. Interviewee Name, interview by Interviewer Name, Name of Show, Channel, Date.

Movies

#. Title, directed by Firstname Lastname, Production Company, Year, scene.

 

A citation to website content can often be limited to a mention in the text or in a note ("As of July 27, 2012, Google's privacy policy had been updated to include . . ."). If a more formal citation is desired, it may be styled as in the examples below. Because such content is subject to change, include an access date and, if available, a date that the site was last modified.

Website

     1. "Privacy Policy," Google Policies & Principles, last modified July 27, 2012, accessed January 3, 2013, http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
     2. Google, "Privacy Policy."

Google. "Privacy Policy." Google Policies & Principles. Last modified July
     27, 2012. Accessed January 3, 2013.
     http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Blog entry or comment
Blog entries or comments may be cited in running text ("In a comment posted to The Becker-Posner Blog on February 16, 2012, . . .") instead of in a note, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations.

     1. Gary Becker, "Is Capitalism in Crisis?," The Becker-Posner Blog, February 12, 2012, http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2012/02/is-capitalism-in-crisis-becker.html.
     2. Becker, "Is Capitalism in Crisis?"

Becker, Gary. "Is Capitalism in Crisis?" The Becker-Posner Blog,
     February 12, 2012, http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2012/02/is-capitalism-in-
     crisis-becker.html.

E-mail or text message
E-mail and text messages may be cited in running text ("In a text message to the author on July 21, 2012, John Doe revealed . . .") instead of in a note, and they are rarely listed in a bibliography. The following example shows the more formal version of a note.

     1. John Doe, e-mail message to author, July 21, 2012.

Social Media
Social media content is normally cited in the text or notes but not in the bibliography except on rare occasions. Like e-mail and text messages, comments posted on a social networking service may be cited in running text ("In a message posted to her Twitter account on August 25, 2011, . . .") instead of in a note, and they are rarely listed in a bibliography. The following example shows the more formal version of a note.

     1. Joe Smith, "A research process is an essential part of any good project," Twitter, August 25, 2017, https://twitter.com/TheJoeSmith/status/1234567890.

Thesis and dissertation
Theses and dissertations are cited like books except for the title, which is in roman type and enclosed in quotation marks. Be sure to list the name of the database or the website URL at the end of the citation if the thesis or dissertation was obtained from either source.

     1. Dana S. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools" (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010), 101-2. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
     2. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex," 98.

Levin, Dana S. "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth
     Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of
     Sex Education in Schools." PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010. 
     ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Book review

     1. Joel Mokyr, review of Natural Experiments of History, ed. Jared Diamond and James A. Robinson, American Historical Review 116, no. 3 (June 2011): 754, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.3.752.
     2. Mokyr, review of Natural Experiments of History,752.

Mokyr, Joel. Review of Natural Experiments of History, edited by Jared
     Diamond and James A. Robinson. American Historical Review 116,
     no. 3 (June 2011): 752-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.3.752.

Paper presented at a meeting or conference

     1. Rachel Adelman, " 'Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On': God's Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition" (paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 22, 2009).
     2. Adelman, "Such Stuff as Dreams."

Adelman, Rachel. " 'Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On': God's
     Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition." Paper
     presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature,
     New Orleans, Louisiana, November 22, 2009. 
     http://library.cornerstone.edu/45698/1/Adelman_paper_123456.pdf.

A Manual for Writers

About Turabian Style

Turabian style is the preferred method of citation at GRTS. It is based on The Chicago Manual of Style with modifications specifically meant to meet the needs of students and researchers. 

There are two methods to the Turabian style: bibliography style and author-date style. Bibliography style is used in the areas of literature, history, and the arts, and is used by GRTS. The author-date style is used more by the physical, natural, and social sciences. If you are not sure which style to use in a paper, consult your instructor.

All information on this guide was taken from the print manual and/or A Manual for Writers Online.

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